The Usage Of Too Many Metaphors And Metonymy Can Make Your Paper Less
The Usage Of Too Many Metaphors And Metonymy Can Make Your Paper Less
We often use metaphors inside our written and spoken languages to demonstrate one thing within relation to its another. It is sometimes very beneficial to use a different pair of words and phrases to compare a very important factor with another. Your language can become more colorful if along with different bodies of speech about the background of simple words and sentences. Another figure of speech that is widely used within our language is metonymy. However, metonymies are employed to emphasize contiguity between two referents, while metaphors are mainly used to exhibit similarity between two.
The usage of metaphor, either verbally, or perhaps in written discourse, to spell out scenes & explain events on the planet around us is extremely common, its use enables us to be aware of & experience one kind of thing inside conditions & regards to another, whereas metonymy is the using one entity to refer to another which is related to it, & includes ‘synecdoche’ in which the part represents the whole, Lakoff & Johnson, (1980:36).
According to Lakoff & Johnson, (1980: ix) metaphor is ever-present, in language, as well as thought & action. They, together with Pinker, (1997: 352 et seq) perceive human thought processes to become metaphorical anyway; Pinker also shows that some metaphorical concepts have grown being so common, across the entire range of speech acts & other events that people experience, that they're no longer recognizable for the layman as metaphorical expressions, so entrenched inside our everyday language use have they become. According to this understanding of metaphor, it could be seen as one of the principal methods through which language evolves, Jaynes, (1990), moreover, repetition of the metaphor can bring it into ordinary language, eventually warranting a dictionary entry.
As metaphor is indeed deeply rooted in the everyday language use, it could be surprising if written discourse was clear of metaphorical expression. In fact, on reading through various types of texts, hardly any, if any, can be said being totally without any metaphor &/or metonymy, even those texts compiled by ‘realists’ who abhorred metaphor, including Hobbes & Locke, were full of it, Chandler, (2001). Although many instances of metaphor are certainly not immediately obvious consequently, this can be generally simply because they have become so familiar, so prevalent, within vocabulary use they have ceased to be seen as metaphor; the connotations of the metaphorical expressions do understand because of their familiarity.
We often turn to metaphor once we encounter something unknown, or perceive something that is certainly difficult to comprehend or communicate, based on Jaynes, (1990) we integrate these experiences to ‘schemas’ which can be already offered to us, which we conform to cope with these new experiences. To quote Jaynes, (1990: 52) “Understanding anything is to arrive at a metaphor for your thing by substituting something more familiar to us. " From this, it may be said that if an individual were to attempt communication of something totally new or complex, without the using metaphor, this lack of familiar reference could inhibit comprehension, that, in reality, metaphor can boost the efficiency & intelligibility of your text.
In agreement with Lakoff & Johnson, and the like, it appears that the utilization of metaphor is so deeply rooted in your system of communication that it would be difficult to explain anything, either verbally, or through written discourse, without the utilization of metaphor, actually, it may be said that the usage of metaphor enhances the understanding of the text, adds towards the significance of what is being communicated, by talking about easily understood previously
known concepts, particularly if attempting to convey new information. The additional descriptive information which is established with the utilization of metaphor can also add emotive connotations aid evaluation of a concept. Also, a less familiar metaphor might be understood due towards the contextual information available & the receiver's power to extrapolate out of this.
Conversely, understanding of various metaphorical expressions may depend around the culture the first is accustomed to; it's possible that certain cases of metaphor, especially novel but even conventional, which can be perfectly clear in meaning from the language (culture) they originate from, might or might not translate clearly into another language or culture. A good demonstration of this comes coming from a recent crime/comedy novel by Brookmyre, (2002) to quote, “the leader, ‘Jarry', commenced the robbery with the words ‘Alakazammy, stairheid rammy’. " Brookmyre often writes utilizing a combination of English words & Scottish colloquial terms. Stairheid actually means top landing or top floor (of the tenement) & is a metaphor for face, face being the ‘top landing', whereas rammy can be a violent disturbance or free for all those, (Scots-online). In the text, ‘stairheid rammy’ identifies a in person conflict, this is not an immediately familiar metaphor (to an English person) without reference with a Scots/English translator, but as the speaker (a Scotsman) in the text notes, “The stairheid rammy part is familiar to anybody who's ever witnessed a disagreement up close. ", therefore, although stairheid rammy like a metaphor, is not clear (for an English person), with a Scotsman it's obviously an obvious & effective metaphor for a spat or disagreement.
Metaphors will also be often found to underline major theories of science & philosophy, & studies of scientific terminology by MacCormac, (1971) have said that the use of terms including force & mass function as metaphors, e. g. “But on the lower particle energies ['] W+, W- & Z0 would acquire large masses, making the forces they carry have a very short range. " , Hawking, (1996:93) Out of context, this will make absolutely no sense at all, but inside context with the book these terms have perfectly clear meanings & are efficient in describing the concepts of weak nuclear force & radioactivity.
According to Lakoff &Johnson, (1980:4) which of argument inside concept ‘argument is war’ is literal, not fanciful, poetic or fanciful. A good illustration of the concept ‘argument is war’ are located in journalistic reply to political discussion.
Legislation under threat as upper house takes on the government ['] forced to pay attention ['] sustaining their opposition ['] How far could the unelected upper house take its struggle with elected MPs? ['] an intelligent operator who's formed a formidable alliance with the Lib Dem leader ['] stayed up in to the early hours negotiating. ['] But the battle was obviously a symbol of escalating tensions ['] that threatens ['] This week's stand-off ['] Emboldened, they've got stood their ground.
The Guardian, (22/11/03: 13)
All this from one article describing a disagreement between the members with the House of Lords & elected MPs. The using metaphorical expression emphasizes the amount of discord between your two groups, & without the utilization of these metaphors it might be less easy to highlight the intensity of this conflict. Another illustration of this common conceptual metaphor are available in a scientific text book about quantum physics & is a perfect example of Lakoff & Johnson's definition from the concept ‘argument is war’.
Each attack about the Copenhagen interpretation has strengthened its position. When thinkers of the calibre of Einstein try to find flaws having a theory, however the defenders from the theory are able to refute all with the attackers’ arguments, the theory must emerge the stronger for the trial.
Gribbin, (1984:177)
An interesting metaphor from your magazine article about Hungary likens the country to some garment, & although this is an instance of novel metaphor the connotation is obvious & Kincses’ use of these additional components enriches the meaning from the text.
Next year, Hungary is defined to join the EU, finally aligning itself more using the west compared to east. This has long been Hungary's dilemma, says Kincses, who likens the country to “Europe's coat, where nearly everywhere, east and west, are buttoned together, the location where the garment is most prone to wear and tear".
The Guardian Weekend, (22/11/03)
Another metaphorical concept, as tagged by Lakoff & Johnson, (1980:7) is ‘time is money', that is one of those earlier mentioned metaphors which can be so common who's has almost ceased being seen being a metaphor, e. g. hanging out, time savings, wasting time, “I are actually wasting a great deal of time investigating these sites. ", The Guardian Weekend, (22/11/03:7) “It's much more about how I wish to spend time. ", (ibid:25)
The following illustration of general usage of metaphorical expression is protected purely because of its funniness & needs no explanation.
I had two giggly ladies asking me whenever they could touch my head, that they can did, resoundingly, saying they had “never done a slaphead before".
The Guardian Weekend, (22/11/03)
Orientational metaphors provide a concept spatial orientation, such as happy is up, sad is down, Lakoff &Johnson, (1980) “And she chooses without a lot of concern for your ‘upward trajectory’ of her career. ", The Guardian Weekend, (22/11/03:25)
Metonymy is usually more obvious than metaphoric concepts as it usually concerns direct physical or causal associations, it is similar to metaphor, although more focused, being referential & facilitating understanding.
Examples of metonymy seem more uncommon in written discourse, although those that there are seem being quite effective & understandable inside context they are presented in. “Scores of Labour MPs still plan top-up revolt. ", Evening Standard, (05/01/04) Here ‘top-up’ identifies university top-up fees for college students proposed by government entities & would be obvious to anyone who reads newspapers or watches the tv news. “There'll continually be a place for plastic. ", Evening Standard, (19/12/03) Here ‘plastic’ is discussing credit cards, a typical & easily understood using metonymy. “The midfielder was felled inside a crunching tackle from his former team-mate Mauricio Taricco, who somehow escaped an extra yellow. " The Guardian, (27/12/03) The metonymic usage of ‘yellow’ here identifies a yellow card, used like a first warning, & in cases like this, yellow features a 2nd (metaphoric) definition; being awarded two yellow cards inside a game of football is equal with a red card, where follows expulsion from your game, therefore ‘second yellow’ can be a metaphor for any red card. What this example of metonymy (& metaphor) identifies here will not be clear to everyone, but could be immediately apparent to a person with even a rudimentary knowledge of the rules of football.
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